Bibliography
Albarran, A., Horst, J. & Khalaf, T., (November 2007). What Happened to our Audience? Radio and New Technology Uses and Gratifications Among Young Adult Users. Journal of Radio Studies, 14, 2. Retrieved from EBSCO: http://web.ebscohost.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/ehost/pdf?vid=8&hid=5&sid=85b867fc-a072-482a-8a78-298ca7eb1a60%40sessionmgr4 DOI: 10.1080/10955040701583171
This was one of the key references I used in the Present & Future portion of my paper. The paper described a Uses & Gratifications survey that was administered to a group of college students. It identified the top competitors of radio as satellite radio, HD radio, MP3 players and Internet radio and that is why I chose to focus on those technologies in my term paper. In the past, radio programmers have focused on what radio does well and tried not to compete with newer technologies in the area where the newer medium excelled. This study discussed what the survey participants liked specifically about radio that didn’t apply to newer technologies: access to local news and information. Therefore, I focused on strengthening the localization of terrestrial radio in the Future segment of my paper.
Christensen, C. (2004). Seeing What’s Next: Using the Theories of Innovation to Predict Industry Change. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.
The theories from this class book provided insight into several parts of my paper in both the History and the Present & Future segments. First, I used Christensen’s theory of the “overshot” and “undershot” consumer when discussing the initial failure of both FM radio and HD radio. Both technologies provided higher audio quality and a better overall radio experience; however, initially neither provided new content that wasn’t already available on older receivers. The customers were overshot as they didn’t feel the need to spend money on a technology that didn’t offer them anything new. I also used Christensen’s “school of experience” theory. Christensen explains this theory by discussing how past business experience can act as a lesson that can guide better decisions in the future when faced with similar challenges. As radio programmers have needed to reinvent on-air content several times since the invention of radio, they need to use what was learned in the past to find out how to best adapt to their newest competitors.
Ferguson, C., Greer, C. & Reardon, M. (November 2007). Uses and Gratifications of MP3 Players by College Students: Are iPods More Popular than Radio? Journal of Radio Studies. DOI: 10.1080/10955040701583197 Retrieved from EBSCO: http://web.ebscohost.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/ehost/pdf?vid=4&hid=5&sid=b0d68f3d-5bcf-4a67-9a24-893d0647924d%40sessionmgr12
This was another useful Uses & Gratification survey that was administered to college students in order to analyze the success of MP3 players over the last decade and to identify which features drew listeners to the technology over terrestrial radio. This article provided me with substantial information for the Mp3 portion of my Present & Future paper and acted as a basis for some of my vision in the Future portion of the paper.
Heine, P. (July 2009). Stream It Like You Mean It. MediaWeek, 19, 28. Retrieved from EBSCO: http://web.ebscohost.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/ehost/detail?vid=8&hid=5&sid=33c8921d-6358-43c7-85c1-057c1d80e11e%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=ufh&AN=43646332
This article provided a strong background of Internet radio, which helped me structure my discussion of the technology in the Present & Future portion of my term project. Heine writes both of the positive aspects that draw listeners to Internet radio as well as the challenges it faces in terms of advertising revenue, which I mention in the paper. It provided facts that I cited in my paper that demonstrated the success of Internet radio and Pandora, in particular. The article also opened my eyes to Internet radio streamed over mobile devices, which I hadn’t yet considered.
Marsal, K. (May 2006). iPod: How Big Can It Get? Retrieved 3/1/2010 from: http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/06/05/24/ipod_how_big_can_it_get.html
This article from 2006 discusses the enormous and quick success of the iPod and evaluates the future of the technology. It provided me with the background of the iPod as an instant sensation and compared the sales of the Walkman to the sales of the iPod in contrast, which I included in my paper. It also discussed the profitability not only of the device, but of the accessories.
Ostroff, D., Wright, J. (1998) Perspectives on Radio and Television. Telecommunications in the United States. London, England. Retrieved from: http://books.google.com/books?id=6TB4bDZ7KxkC&pg=PA583&lpg=PA583&dq=history+of+non-commercial+radio&source=web&ots=n-sfxyg4nH&sig=9iAqFf_4Fb36HXh4YYAt07xB9J4&hl=en&ei=RSONScH_CpGUsAO6yPT-CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA584,M1
In general, this book was a great resource regarding the history of terrestrial radio. In particular, this book provided me with a solid background of the introduction of FM radio and the way it affected radio programming in the 1960s. It described the initial hesitance to adopt FM radio by the American people who didn’t feel the need to purchase FM receivers, which were very expensive at the time. It also explained very clearly the FCC’s nonduplication rule which changed the way both AM and FM radio are programmed.
Sample, W. (February 1960.) Do They Really Listen to Radio? Today’s Speech, 8, 1. Retrieved from EBSCO: http://web.ebscohost.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/ehost/pdf?vid=2&hid=5&sid=1bed6b7a-58ec-4c03-adfa-a1adf564f5fb%40sessionmgr14
This was the text from a speech given in 1960 by a radio professional. As it was shortly after television took over as the most popular communications medium in the US, there was some very interesting insight that helped me write about how radio evolved in the decade before that time. It brought to my attention had radio had previously been a form of entertainment that required users to give their full attention and then had changed into a passive type of entertainment that served as background noise after programmers started airing more news and music versus shows.
Schwartz, E. (2002). The Last Lone Inventor: A Tale of Genius, Deceit, and the Birth of Television. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
This book was about the history of television broadcast in America. There is a significant section of the book devoted to radio and how the rise of television initially affected the radio industry. I used this book to gain an understanding of the sequence of events that lead up to television taking over radio as the primary entertainment form in American households.
Shannon, B. (2009). Turn It Up! American Radio Tales 1946-1996. Bainbridge Island, WA: Austrianmonk Publishing.
This book inspired the topic of my term project: how the introduction of new technologies affected radio programming. This book is a collection of stories from various well-known radio programmers across the United States. As the stories span over many decades, the book provided real examples of how history shaped what they broadcasted over the air. Reading the experiences written directly by the programmer added insight that gave me a more well rounded perspective than had I read scholarly writings exclusively.
Skarzynski, M. (December 2009). When It Comes to Reaching Today’s Consumers – Radio Delivers. MediaWeek, 19, 44. Retrieved from EBSCO: http://web.ebscohost.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=5&sid=33c8921d-6358-43c7-85c1-057c1d80e11e%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=ufh&AN=47064439
This was an optimistic piece that discussed how radio is thriving today, despite its competition in MP3 players and other relatively new technologies. While the article was clearly biased and painted a picture that was more positive than reality suggests, there were some good points regarding how radio can use digital media to enhance the medium including streaming on-air content online, posting podcasts to radio station’s websites and using social media to create community.
Sonderman, J. (October/November 2007). HD Radio: What It’s All About. St. Louis Journalism Review. Retrieved from EBSCO:
http://web.ebscohost.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/ehost/pdf?vid=3&hid=5&sid=d42d7f79-ae96-4949-bc39-2d7937c3e96d%40sessionmgr4
This casual article was written to explain HD Radio in a simple way to those not in the radio industry. I had previously learned about HD radio through my work and had a good idea of the positive and negative aspects of the technology. However, this article gave me a better understanding as to how it works and proposed HD radio as a medium that could help enhance traditional radio rather than act as competition.
Stafford, T., Stafford, M. & Schkade, L., (2004). Determining Uses and Gratifications for the Internet. Decision Sciences. Retrieved from: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3713/is_200404/ai_n9398988/
This article was assigned reading for week three of our course. It was my first experience reading a Uses & Gratifications study and helped me understand how and way these studies are carried out. I used this article to tie in the concepts we learned from this reading with the results of the radio and MP3 player Uses & Gratifications papers I used as research.
Sterling, C. & Keith, M. (2008). Sounds of Change: A History of FM Broadcasting in America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
I read this book to provide me with general broadcasting history. The history of broadcasting and, more specifically radio, is quite large and complex. As I wasn’t sure what to focus on initially for my term project, I used this book to get a solid understanding of the history of broadcast and from there was able to narrow my topic down. The book was very beneficial in the writing of my paper.
Thomas, S. (2007). A ‘Star’ of the Airwaves: Peter Lorre – ‘Master of the Macabre’ and American Radio Programming. The Radio Jounral – International Studies in Broadcast and Audio Media, 5, 2&3. DOI: 10.1386/rajo.5.2&3.143/1. Retrieved from EBSCO: http://web.ebscohost.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/ehost/pdf?vid=12&hid=5&sid=85b867fc-a072-482a-8a78-298ca7eb1a60%40sessionmgr4
This article was written about Peter Lorre, an early star of radio. Although the history of Lorre’s career was not helpful for my project, the article did provide me with a solid picture of what radio was like in the pre-television era. It described the various types of radio shows that were popular at that time such as dramas, comedies, thrillers and romances. It also explained how networks transitioned these shows to television in order to give them a visual element and how some radio stars became famous television stars while other were simply out of work.
Unknown. Invasion of the iPod People: Music and Radio. Retrieved from EBSCO: http://web.ebscohost.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/ehost/pdf?vid=3&hid=5&sid=33c8921d-6358-43c7-85c1-057c1d80e11e%40sessionmgr11
This article is what made me think of the Jack FM radio format as radio’s answer to the randomness of MP3 players. I was previously aware of Jack FM’s “anything goes” musical style, but didn’t know the roots of the format. The article made clear that choice and randomness are not the same and that terrestrial radio simply can’t compete with the MP3 player in terms of personalization. It did, however, back-up my feelings that radio’s ability to localize and package the music in an engaging way should be emphasized to make radio appealing to listeners.
Van Buskirk, E. (October 2009). Crowd in the Cloud to Program Radio. Retrieved 3/5/2010 from: http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2009/10/jelli-crowdsources-radio-programming-on-stations-across-the-us/
This article describes Jelli.net as radio’s way of providing choice to its listeners by crowd-sourcing the job of Music Director. I was already familiar with Jelli.net as it is affiliated with the company I work for, however I wanted to find some written work to back up my claims. This article provided a great description of the service, which helped me describe the concept in the Future segment of my paper.
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